The Mission
The ambition of this research project was to establish a model of the cosmos, which is based exclusively on existing physical principles. Consequently the hypothesis of expansion of space and the violation of the principle af mass-/energy conservation had to be discarded.
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It shall be analyzed, if such a model is possible at all and how it matches with the observations.
The challenge
The commencement of today’s cosmos by a Big Bang about 13.8 billion years ago is based on strong evidence by cosmic data. The event of such a Big Bang can so far not be explained by the existing, well-known laws of physics As possible clue to its explanation the concept of a mysterious “Dark Energy” has been created. Consequently, the solution of the mystery of the Dark Energy is the main challenge in cosmology and would be the key to better understand not only the Big Bang but also today’s cosmos. This issue is the key task of the present research project.
The new Approach
In present cosmology dark energy is an unknown form of energy acting on space, expanding it . In this perception dark energy is the cause for the huge – and still increasing - distances between celestial bodies since the Big Bang. So far no satisfying theory has come up to unravel this mysterious, hypothetical energy.
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The fact, that the distance between far away celestial bodies is increasing or has increased against the gravitation is interpreted in this new approach as being caused by a force acting on these celestial bodies, accelerating them and thus causing the increase of distance between them. The physical principle "actio et reactio" can be interpreted such that if a force is acting on particles with mass then it originates also from particles with mass. This principle of physics, valid on earth for any force, shall also apply to the force responsible for the increase of distance between celestial bodies
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According to this conclusion a so far unknown matter shall be attributed to the dark energy, arbitrarily labeled with m(-). The "dark energy" is then the exchange force between m(-) and normal and dark matter, both labeled as m(+), and responsible for the increasing distance between stars and galaxies.
The Results
The report of this research project including the physical derivation and line of argument has been recently published (Beer Oskar, Dunkle Energie und Kosmos, (Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen, 2019, ISBN 978-3-7369-9954-1)) A paper in English as short version is attached below. Anticipating the conclusions the new approach leads to following results.
Dark Energy Model and Big Bang
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The matter m(-) of the dark energy is attractive to itself with the gravitation constant G and repulsive to m(+) matter (normal matter and dark matter) with the gravitation constant – G.
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Before the Big Bang the cosmos consisted of a spherical homogeneous distribution of m(-) and m(+) matter, with same total quantities M(-) and M(+). Due to the balance of long range forces this sphere was in an equilibrium state. If nuclear density is assumed the radius would have been in the order of 0,001 light years.
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The pre- Big-Bang cosmos was not in a permanent stable equilibrium. As soon as m(-) matter started to accumulate in the center of the sphere the accumulation went on by positive feed back in a chain reaction. This is the definition of the Big Bang in this model.
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The Big Bang ended up in a complete separation of m(-) from m(+) matter. The m(-) matter concentrated around the center point U as a “ M(-) nucleus” and in the inertial system of point U the m(+) matter expanded very soon ( as compared to today’s time Tâ‚€ passed since the Big Bang) radially with constant velocity extremely close to light speed, forming a thin spherical shell.
Structure of the observable Universe
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In the system of an arbitrary point E (“earth”) in the thin m(+) shell the velocities of other points in this m(+)shell must be calculated by relativistic addition of velocities . As the velocity between the two systems of points U and E is constant the Special Theory of Relativity applies and the velocity of any point S (“star”) in the system of the earth is also constant. Therefore the distance D of a star to the earth is proportional to its velocity u and the time T passed since the Big Bang.
D = T∙u
The farer a star, the higher its escape velocity. The observable universe corresponds to the blue colored area of the figure shown.​
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The red shift z of light from a star as observed at point E is given by the Doppler effect. Then the Hubble parameter H corresponds to following formula
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In the system of the earth the matter is not distributed isotropicly around it, but rather flat with a rotational symmetry around the axis E-U.
Energy ratios in the Cosmos
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The per cent ratios of the potential energies (which is the respective energy reservoir from today’s cosmos up to the end of its expansion) based on the applicable long range potentials, and when normalizing the absolute values to 100% can be calculated to
M(+) on M(+) on M(-) on
normal matter Dark Matter normal and Dark matter
-5.1 - 28.2 66.7
Cosmos before Big Bang
m(-) matter
m(+) matter
Structure of the observable Universe
U
E
Energy Ratios
66.7%
28.2%
5.1%
The Dual Cosmos Model
The results show a model of the Cosmos whose geometry depends on the inertial system of the observer. There exist two special points of observation: one is the point where the Big Bang has originated, the other is an arbitrary point in the universe, for example the earth. Correspondingly two different geometries of the cosmos exist. Therefore the name of this model can be called "The Dual Cosmos Model". For detailed derivation of results see the attached paper.
About
The initiator of this research project, Oskar Erwin Beer, was born 22.10.1939 in Tuschkau, a small city near Pilsen. His interest for physics was aroused during his education at the gymnasium of natural sciences in Aschaffenburg. After studying physics in the universities of Würzburg, Münster and Bonn, he spent a two years scholarship in the French nuclear research center of Saclay in the „Service de Physique Nucleaire a Moyenne Energie“. Back in Bonn he was promoted as assistant professor at the „ Institut für Strahlen – und Kernphysik“ of Bonn university .
In the frame of a university partnership in the early seventies he helped to build up an institute of physics in Kabul/Afghanistan by implementing laboratories, lecturing and composing the first school books in Dari language in physics.
Parallel to his subsequent 30 years long engagement with Siemens he was fascinated by the ongoing overwhelming progress in cosmology. But only after his retirement he had sufficient time to enter more deeply into this field and to initiate and perform the present research project.